The International Pulsar Timing Array: First data release
2 Cavendish Laboratory
3 CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science
4 JPL - Jet Propulsion Laboratory
5 NRAO - National Radio Astronomy Observatory [Socorro]
6 ASTRON - Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
7 Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory
8 JBCA - Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics
9 GSFC - NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
10 AEI - Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik ( Albert-Einstein-Institut )
11 Curtin University
12 CCAPS - Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science
13 OAC - INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari
14 NRAO - National Radio Astronomy Observatory
15 Penn State - Pennsylvania State University [State College, PA]
16 CRSR - Center for Radiophysics and Space Research [Ithaca]
17 UMD - University of Maryland [College Park]
18 LPC2E - Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace
19 USN - Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay
20 Department of Astronomy [Ithaca]
21 Department of Physics, Hillsdale College
22 UBC - University of British Columbia [Canada]
23 The University of Edinburgh
24 Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University
25 Vancouver Coastal Health, Department of Nuclear Medicine
26 Department of Physics, Columbia University
27 Monash Centre for Astrophysics (MoCA)
28 KIAA-PKU - Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics [Beijing]
29 NRAO - National Radio Astronomy Observatory [Green Bank]
30 TAPIR - Theoretical Astrophysics [Pasadena]
31 Physics Department, Lafayette College
32 Physics Department, Texas Tech University
33 Department of Astronomy [Charlottesville]
34 APC-Gravitation - APC - Gravitation
35 CAS - Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing [Melbourne]
36 AI PANNEKOEK - Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek
37 University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
38 Center for Gravitation, Cosmology and Astrophysics
39 Department of Physics and Astronomy [Oberlin]
40 Department of Physics and Astronomy [Albuquerque]
41 BCU - Birmingham City University
42 School of Physics [HUST]
43 UWA - The University of Western Australia
44 School of Physical Science and Technology
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Résumé
The highly stable spin of neutron stars can be exploited for a variety of (astro)physical investigations. In particular, arrays of pulsars with rotational periods of the order of milliseconds can be used to detect correlated signals such as those caused by gravitational waves. Three such 'pulsar timing arrays' (PTAs) have been set up around the world over the past decades and collectively form the 'International' PTA (IPTA). In this paper, we describe the first joint analysis of the data from the three regional PTAs, i.e. of the first IPTA data set. We describe the available PTA data, the approach presently followed for its combination and suggest improvements for future PTA research. Particular attention is paid to subtle details (such as underestimation of measurement uncertainty and long-period noise) that have often been ignored but which become important in this unprecedentedly large and inhomogeneous data set. We identify and describe in detail several factors that complicate IPTA research and provide recommendations for future pulsar timing efforts. The first IPTA data release presented here (and available on-line) is used to demonstrate the IPTA's potential of improving upon gravitational-wave limits
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