The DREAMS experiment flown on the ExoMars 2016 mission for the study of Martian environment during the dust storm season
Carlo Bettanini
(1)
,
Francesca Esposito
(2)
,
Stefano Debei
(1)
,
Cesare Molfese
(2)
,
Giacomo Colombatti
(1)
,
Alessio Aboudan
(1)
,
John Robert Brucato
(3)
,
Fausto Cortecchia
(2)
,
Gaetano Di Achille
(2)
,
Gian Paolo Guizzo
(1)
,
Enrico Friso
(1)
,
Francesca Ferri
(1)
,
Laurent Marty
(2)
,
Vito Mennella
(2)
,
Roberto Molinaro
(2)
,
Pietro Schipani
(2)
,
Simone Silvestro
(2)
,
Raffaele Mugnuolo
(4)
,
Simone Pirrotta
(4)
,
E. Marchetti
(4)
,
Ari Matti Harri
(5)
,
Franck Montmessin
(6)
,
Colin F. Wilson
(7)
,
Ignacio Arruego Rodríguez
(8)
,
Sadok Abbaki
(9)
,
Victor Apestigue
(8)
,
G. Bellucci
(10)
,
Jean-Jacques Berthelier
(6)
,
S. Calcutt
(11)
,
François Forget
(12)
,
M. Genzer
(5)
,
Pierre Gilbert
(9)
,
H. Haukka
(5)
,
J. J. Jimenez
(8)
,
S. Jiménez
(13)
,
J.-L. Josset
(14)
,
Ö. Karatekin
(15)
,
G. Landis
(16)
,
R. Lorenz
(17)
,
J. Martinez
(8)
,
D. Möhlmann
(18)
,
David Moirin
(9)
,
Ernesto Palomba
(19)
,
M. Patel
(11)
,
Jean-Pierre Pommereau
(6)
,
C.I. Popa
(20)
,
Scot Rafkin
(21)
,
Pascal Rannou
(22)
,
Nilton O. Renno
(23)
,
W. Schmidt
(5)
,
Fernando Simões
(24)
,
Aymeric Spiga
(12)
,
Francisco Valero
(25)
,
L. Vázquez
(25)
,
Francis Vivat
(9)
,
Olivier Witasse
(26)
1
CISAS -
Centro di Ateneo di Studi e Attività Spaziali “Giuseppe Colombo”
2 OAC - INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte
3 OAA - INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri
4 ASI - Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
5 FMI - Finnish Meteorological Institute
6 PLANETO - LATMOS
7 Clarendon Laboratory [Oxford]
8 INTA - Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial
9 LATMOS - Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales
10 IFSI - Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario
11 University of Oxford
12 LMD - Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539)
13 UPM - Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
14 SPACE - X - Space Exploration Institute [Neuchâtel]
15 ROB - Royal Observatory of Belgium = Observatoire Royal de Belgique
16 NASA Glenn Research Center
17 APL - Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD]
18 DLR Institut für Planetenforschung
19 IAPS - Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF
20 OU - The Open University [Milton Keynes]
21 Department of Space Studies [Boulder]
22 GSMA - Groupe de spectrométrie moléculaire et atmosphérique
23 SPRL - Space Physics Research Laboratory [Ann Arbor]
24 GSFC - NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
25 UCM - Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid]
26 RSSD - Research and Scientific Support Department, ESTEC
2 OAC - INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte
3 OAA - INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri
4 ASI - Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
5 FMI - Finnish Meteorological Institute
6 PLANETO - LATMOS
7 Clarendon Laboratory [Oxford]
8 INTA - Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial
9 LATMOS - Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales
10 IFSI - Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario
11 University of Oxford
12 LMD - Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539)
13 UPM - Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
14 SPACE - X - Space Exploration Institute [Neuchâtel]
15 ROB - Royal Observatory of Belgium = Observatoire Royal de Belgique
16 NASA Glenn Research Center
17 APL - Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD]
18 DLR Institut für Planetenforschung
19 IAPS - Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF
20 OU - The Open University [Milton Keynes]
21 Department of Space Studies [Boulder]
22 GSMA - Groupe de spectrométrie moléculaire et atmosphérique
23 SPRL - Space Physics Research Laboratory [Ann Arbor]
24 GSFC - NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
25 UCM - Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid]
26 RSSD - Research and Scientific Support Department, ESTEC
Carlo Bettanini
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John Robert Brucato
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Vito Mennella
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Franck Montmessin
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Sadok Abbaki
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François Forget
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Pierre Gilbert
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R. Lorenz
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David Moirin
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Pascal Rannou
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Aymeric Spiga
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Francis Vivat
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Olivier Witasse
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Résumé
The DREAMS (Dust characterization, Risk assessment and Environment Analyser on the Martian Surface) instrument on Schiaparelli lander of ExoMars 2016 mission was an autonomous meteorological station designed to completely characterize the Martian atmosphere on surface, acquiring data not only on temperature, pressure, humidity, wind speed and its direction, but also on solar irradiance, dust opacity and atmospheric electrification; this comprehensive set of parameters would assist the quantification of risks and hazards for future manned exploration missions mainly related to the presence of airborne dust.
Schiaparelli landing on Mars was in fact scheduled during the foreseen dust storm season (October 2016 in Meridiani Planum) allowing DREAMS to directly measure the characteristics of such extremely harsh environment.
DREAMS instrument’s architecture was based on a modular design developing custom boards for analog and digital channel conditioning, power distribution, on board data handling and communication with the lander. The boards, connected through a common backbone, were hosted in a central electronic unit assembly and connected to the external sensors with dedicated harness. Designed with very limited mass and an optimized energy consumption, DREAMS was successfully tested to operate autonomously, relying on its own power supply, for at least two Martian days (sols) after landing on the planet.
A total of three flight models were fully qualified before launch through an extensive test campaign comprising electrical and functional testing, EMC verification and mechanical and thermal vacuum cycling; furthermore following the requirements for planetary protection, contamination control activities and assay sampling were conducted before model delivery for final integration on spacecraft .
During the six months cruise to Mars following the successful launch of ExoMars on 14th March 2016, periodic check outs were conducted to verify instrument health check and update mission timelines for operation. Elaboration of housekeeping data showed that the behaviour of the whole instrument was nominal during the whole cruise. Unfortunately DREAMS was not able to operate on the surface of Mars, due to the known guidance anomaly during the descent that caused Schiaparelli to crash at landing.
The adverse sequence of events at 4 km altitude anyway triggered the transition of the lander in surface operative mode, commanding switch on the DREAMS instrument, which was therefore able to correctly power on and send back housekeeping data. This proved the nominal performance of all DREAMS hardware before touchdown demonstrating the highest TRL of the unit for future missions.
The spare models of DREAMS are currently in use at university premises for the development of autonomous units to be used in cubesat mission and in probes for stratospheric balloons launches in collaboration with Italian Space Agency.