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            <title xml:lang="en">Statistical Analysis of the Ionospheric Density Recorded by the DEMETER Satellite During Seismic Activity</title>
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              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Michel</forename>
                <surname>Parrot</surname>
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                <forename type="first">Mei</forename>
                <surname>Li</surname>
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                <forename>Nathalie</forename>
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            <idno type="halRefHtml">AGU. &lt;i&gt;Pre‐Earthquake Processes: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Earthquake Prediction Studies&lt;/i&gt;, Chapitre 18, pp.319-328, 2018, Statistical Analysis of the Ionospheric Density Recorded by the DEMETER Satellite During Seismic Activity, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119156949.ch18"&gt;&amp;#x27E8;10.1002/9781119156949.ch18&amp;#x27E9;&lt;/a&gt;</idno>
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            <idno type="stamp" n="UNIV-ORLEANS">Université d'Orléans</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="CNES">CNES - Centre national d'études spatiales</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="OSUC" corresp="INSU">Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre</idno>
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                <title xml:lang="en">Statistical Analysis of the Ionospheric Density Recorded by the DEMETER Satellite During Seismic Activity</title>
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                    <forename type="first">Michel</forename>
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                  <biblScope unit="serie">Statistical Analysis of the Ionospheric Density Recorded by the DEMETER Satellite During Seismic Activity</biblScope>
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                <term xml:lang="en">earthquake</term>
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              <p>Over tens of years ionospheric phenomena linked to earthquakes have been analyzed from the ground with ionospheric sounders. These ionospheric perturbations can be considered as short‐term precursors of earthquakes. The ionosphere is highly variable, however, and it is necessary to process many events in order to demonstrate the characteristics of a particular precursory phenomenon. The DEMETER (an acronym for detection of electro‐magnetic emissions transmitted from earthquake regions) satellite was especially launched for the study of these events. This chapter presents a review of statistical analyses of unusual ionospheric perturbations. The analyses indicate that the ionosphere is perturbed above the epicenter a few days before the earthquake, mainly at nighttime. Only local measurements of the ionospheric density were performed at the altitude of the satellite (660 km), but study of the whistler‐wave propagation revealed that there is also an excess of ionization at the bottom of the ionosphere (90 km) a few hours before an earthquake. The chapter goes on to present a statistical analysis of ionospheric data showing that it is possible to observe perturbations in the conjugated region of an earthquake. An attempt to identify precursors of the M 8.1 Samoa earthquake in 2009 indicates that an accurate prediction is not conceivable but that it is possible to give a warning.</p>
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