ORCHIDEE-PEAT (revision 4596), a model for northern peatland CO$_2$ water, and energy fluxes on daily to annual scales
Chunjing Qiu
(1)
,
Dan Zhu
(1)
,
Philippe Ciais
(1, 2)
,
Bertrand Guenet
(1)
,
Gerhard Krinner
(3)
,
Shushi Peng
(4)
,
Mika Aurela
(5)
,
Christian Bernhofer
(6)
,
Christian Brümmer
(7)
,
Syndonia Bret-Harte
(8)
,
Housen Chu
(9)
,
Jiquan Chen
(10)
,
Ankur R Desai
(11)
,
Jiří Dušek
(12)
,
Eugénie S Euskirchen
(8)
,
Krzysztof Fortuniak
(13)
,
Lawrence B Flanagan
(14)
,
Thomas Friborg
(15)
,
Mateusz Grygoruk
(16)
,
Sébastien Gogo
(17, 18)
,
Thomas Grünwald
(19)
,
Birger U Hansen
(15)
,
David Holl
(20)
,
Elyn Humphreys
(21)
,
Miriam Hurkuck
(21)
,
Gerard Kiely
(22)
,
Janina Klatt
(23)
,
Lars Kutzbach
(20)
,
Chloé Largeron
(1)
,
Fatima Laggoun-Défarge
(17, 18)
,
Magnus Lund
(24)
,
Peter M Lafleur
(25)
,
Xuefei Li
(26)
,
Ivan Mammarella
(26)
,
Lutz Merbold
(27)
,
Mats B Nilsson
(28)
,
Janusz Olejnik
(29, 12)
,
Mikaell Ottosson-Löfvenius
(28)
,
Walter Oechel
,
Frans-Jan W Parmentier
,
Matthias Peichl
(28)
,
Norbert Pirk
,
Olli Peltola
(26)
,
Włodzimierz Pawlak
,
Daniel Rasse
,
Janne Rinne
,
Gaius Shaver
,
Hans Peter Schmid
(30)
,
Matteo Sottocornola
,
Rainer Steinbrecher
,
Torsten Sachs
(31)
,
Marek Urbaniak
(29)
,
Donatella Zona
,
Klaudia Ziemblinska
(29)
1
LSCE -
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette]
2 ICOS-ATC - ICOS-ATC
3 IGE - Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement
4 Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences
5 Climate and Global Change Research [Helsinki]
6 Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology [Dresden]
7 Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture
8 Institute of Arctic Biology
9 ESPM - Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management [Berkeley]
10 Center for Global Change and Earth Observations
11 Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Madison]
12 Department of Matters and Energy Fluxes
13 Department of Meteorology and Climatology [Łódz ́]
14 University of Lethbridge
15 IGN - Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management [Copenhagen]
16 SGGW - Warsaw University of Life Sciences
17 ISTO - Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327
18 Biogéosystèmes Continentaux - UMR7327
19 TU Dresden - Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology
20 University of Hamburg
21 Carleton University
22 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering [Cork]
23 KIT - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology = Karlsruher Institut für Technologie
24 Department of Bioscience and Arctic Research Center
25 School of the Environment – Geography
26 Department of Physics [Helsinki]
27 Institute of Agricultural Sciences
28 Department of Forest Ecology and Management
29 Department of Meteorology
30 IMK-IFU - Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung
31 GFZ - German Research Centre for Geosciences - Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam
2 ICOS-ATC - ICOS-ATC
3 IGE - Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement
4 Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences
5 Climate and Global Change Research [Helsinki]
6 Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology [Dresden]
7 Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture
8 Institute of Arctic Biology
9 ESPM - Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management [Berkeley]
10 Center for Global Change and Earth Observations
11 Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Madison]
12 Department of Matters and Energy Fluxes
13 Department of Meteorology and Climatology [Łódz ́]
14 University of Lethbridge
15 IGN - Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management [Copenhagen]
16 SGGW - Warsaw University of Life Sciences
17 ISTO - Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327
18 Biogéosystèmes Continentaux - UMR7327
19 TU Dresden - Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology
20 University of Hamburg
21 Carleton University
22 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering [Cork]
23 KIT - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology = Karlsruher Institut für Technologie
24 Department of Bioscience and Arctic Research Center
25 School of the Environment – Geography
26 Department of Physics [Helsinki]
27 Institute of Agricultural Sciences
28 Department of Forest Ecology and Management
29 Department of Meteorology
30 IMK-IFU - Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung
31 GFZ - German Research Centre for Geosciences - Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam
Chunjing Qiu
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 1028930
Dan Zhu
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 786274
- ORCID : 0000-0002-5857-1899
- IdRef : 200257633
Philippe Ciais
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 756308
- ORCID : 0000-0001-8560-4943
- IdRef : 092241700
Bertrand Guenet
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 735666
- IdHAL : bertrand-guenet
- ORCID : 0000-0002-4311-8645
- IdRef : 142931934
Gerhard Krinner
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 170087
- IdHAL : gerhard-krinner
- ORCID : 0000-0002-2959-5920
- IdRef : 097675865
Shushi Peng
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 770092
- ORCID : 0000-0001-5098-726X
Mika Aurela
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 774816
- ORCID : 0000-0002-4046-7225
Christian Bernhofer
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 774746
- ORCID : 0000-0003-1061-3073
Christian Brümmer
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 1164926
- ORCID : 0000-0001-6621-5010
Housen Chu
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 786275
- ORCID : 0000-0002-8131-4938
Jiquan Chen
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 766321
- ORCID : 0000-0003-0761-9458
Krzysztof Fortuniak
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 786263
- ORCID : 0000-0001-7043-8751
Sébastien Gogo
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 8127
- IdHAL : sebastien-gogo
- ORCID : 0000-0002-0867-497X
- IdRef : 250380730
Thomas Grünwald
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 772708
- ORCID : 0000-0003-2263-0073
Fatima Laggoun-Défarge
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 11121
- IdHAL : fatima-laggoun
- IdRef : 032785917
Ivan Mammarella
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 772709
- ORCID : 0000-0002-8516-3356
Lutz Merbold
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 774820
- ORCID : 0000-0003-4974-170X
Mats B Nilsson
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 772238
- ORCID : 0000-0003-3765-6399
Walter Oechel
- Fonction : Auteur
Frans-Jan W Parmentier
- Fonction : Auteur
Matthias Peichl
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 786278
- ORCID : 0000-0002-9940-5846
Norbert Pirk
- Fonction : Auteur
Włodzimierz Pawlak
- Fonction : Auteur
Daniel Rasse
- Fonction : Auteur
Janne Rinne
- Fonction : Auteur
Gaius Shaver
- Fonction : Auteur
Matteo Sottocornola
- Fonction : Auteur
Rainer Steinbrecher
- Fonction : Auteur
Torsten Sachs
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 757116
- ORCID : 0000-0002-9959-4771
Marek Urbaniak
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 776787
- ORCID : 0000-0002-1225-9170
Donatella Zona
- Fonction : Auteur
Résumé
Peatlands store substantial amounts of carbon and are vulnerable to climate change. We present a modified version of the Organising Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems (ORCHIDEE) land surface model for simulating the hydrology, surface energy, and CO$_2$ fluxes of peatlands on daily to annual timescales. The model includes a separate soil tile in each 0.5° grid cell, defined from a global peatland map and identified with peat-specific soil hydraulic properties. Runoff from non-peat vegetation within a grid cell containing a fraction of peat is routed to this peat soil tile, which maintains shallow water tables. The water table position separates oxic from anoxic decomposition. The model was evaluated against eddy-covariance (EC) observations from 30 northern peatland sites, with the maximum rate of car-boxylation (V$_{cmax}$) being optimized at each site. Regarding short-term day-today variations, the model performance was good for gross primary production (GPP) ($r^2$ = 0.76; Nash– Sutcliffe modeling efficiency, MEF = 0.76) and ecosystem respiration (ER, $r^2$ = 0.78, MEF = 0.75), with lesser accuracy for latent heat fluxes (LE, $r^2$ = 0.42, MEF = 0.14) and and net ecosystem CO$_2$ exchange (NEE, $r^2$ = 0.38, MEF = 0.26). Seasonal variations in GPP, ER, NEE, and energy fluxes on monthly scales showed moderate to high $r^2$ values (0.57–0.86). For spatial across-site gradients of annual mean GPP, ER, NEE, and LE, $r^2$ values of 0.93, 0.89, 0.27, and 0.71 were achieved, respectively. Water table (WT) variation was not well predicted ($r^2$ < 0.1), likely due to the uncertain water input to the peat from surrounding areas. However , the poor performance of WT simulation did not greatly affect predictions of ER and NEE. We found a significant relationship between optimized V$_{cmax}$ and latitude (temperature), which better reflects the spatial gradients of annual NEE than using an average V$_{cmax}$ value.
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